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　　Ⅰ. 定义

　　定语从句，起形容词的作用，在句中常用来修饰名词或代词。被修饰的词称为先行词,引导定语从句的词称为关系词, 关系词的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起引导作用;二是在意义上代替先行词,并在从句中充当一个成分。其中关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that, as;关系副词：when, where, why。

　　eg. She is the girl who sings best of all.

　　The pen which my uncle gave me is missing.

　　He lives in a house whose windows face south.

　　The factory where my father works is in the east of the city.

　　Perhaps the day will come when people will be able to breathe clean air in cities.

　　Ⅱ. 关系代词

　　1. 先行词是人，作主语，关系代词用who, that

　　eg. He is a man( ) never leaves today’s work till tomorrow.

　　The boy ( ) is standing there is my cousin.

　　2. 先行词是人，作宾语，关系代词用 whom, who, that,

　　eg. Here is the man ( ) you’ve been expecting to meet.

　　The man ( ) you met yesterday is Mr. Smith.

　　3. 先行词是物，作主语，关系代词用which, that

　　eg . The train ( ) has just left is for Guangzhou.

　　Children like to read books ( ) have wonderful pictures.

　　4. 先行词是物，作宾语，关系代词用which, that,或省略

　　eg. The book ( ) you borrowed yesterday is really interesting.

　　The pen ( ) my uncle gave me is missing.

　　5. 先行词是人、物，作定语，关系代词用whose

　　eg. He is the professor ( ) name was Jackson.

　　China, ( ) population is the largest in the world, is developing very fast.

　　Ⅲ. 关系副词

　　1. 先行词是表示时间的名词，在定从中作时间状语，关系代词用when

　　eg. I can’t remember the date ( ) he went abroad.

　　I’ll never forget the day ( ) I joined the army.

　　2. 先行词是表示地点的名词，在定从中作地点状语，关系代词用where; 其中注意表示抽象概念的地点名词，如，situation、stage、degree、point等表示方面或程度时，也需用where

　　eg. This is the village ( ) Uncle Wang once lived.

　　They have reached the point ( ) they have to separate with each other.

　　He’s got himself into a dangerous situation ( ) he is likely to lose control over the plane.

　　3. 先行词是reason，在定从中作原因状语，关系代词用why

　　eg. I don’t know the reason ( ) he was late.

　　None of us know the reason ( ) Tom was absent from the meeting.

　　4.引导定语从句的关系副词也可以用“适当介词 + which”来代替。

　　eg. October 1, 1949 was the day when ( = ) the People’s Republic of China was founded.

　　This is the factory where(= ) we worked a year ago.

　　I don’t believe the reason why (= ) he was late for school.

　　Ⅳ. 关系代词that & which的区别:

　　⒈ 只用that的情况

　　① 先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much等不定代词时。

　　eg. There is nothing ( ) can prevent him from doing it.

　　② 先行词被any, only, few, no, very, little 等修饰时。

　　eg. This is the very book ( ) I’m looking for.

　　③ 先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。

　　eg. The first place ( ) they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.

　　This is the best film ( ) I have ever seen.

　　④ 先行词既有人又有物时。

　　eg. He talked about things and persons ( ) they remembered in the school.

　　⑤ 先行词被the only, the very修饰时。

　　eg. Mr. Smith is the only foreigner ( ) he knows.

　　⑥ 句中已有who或which,为了避免重复时。

　　eg. Who is the man ( ) is standing beside Tom?

　　⒉ 不能用 that的情况：

　　① 引导非限制性定语从句;

　　eg. He had failed in the maths exam , ( ) made his father very angry.

　　② 介词 + 关系代词。

　　eg. This is the room in( ) my father lived last year.

　　Ⅴ. as引导定语从句时的用法(as 相当于that & which)

　　① as引导限制性定语从句通常用于the same … as, such … as结构中。

　　eg. This is the same book ( ) I lent you.

　　Such machines ( ) are used in our workshop are made in China.

　　② as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，位置灵活，用来修饰整个句子。通常用下列句型：as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。

　　eg. ( ) I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination.

　　( ) we all know, belongs to China.

　　Ⅵ. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的主要区别:

　　限制性定语从句: 一般紧跟在先行词后面,不用逗号把从句与先行词分隔开来。使先行词的意思十分明确,成为特定的人或物,是句子中不可缺少的成分,少了它句子就会失去意义不能成立,或意思不清楚,不能说明问题。通常译为定语。

　　非限制性定语从句: 通常由逗号与句子其他成分隔开。只是对先行词作进一步的说明,没有它句子仍能成立,意思仍很清楚。通常译为并列的句子。

　　eg. I was the only person in our office ( ) was invited.(去掉定语从句，意思就不完整)

　　Tom’s father, ( ) is over sixty, still works hard day and night.(整个句子可分成两句来翻译)

　　Ⅶ. 分隔定语从句

　　即先行词与关系代词、副词之间被介词短语，同位语，谓语等分隔开来。

　　此种定语从句，在选择关系词时，要注意找准先行词。

　　eg. There is an expression in his eyes ( )I can’t understand.

　　I was the only person in my office ( ) was invited to the important ball.

　　I suggest you choose someone I think ( ) is very kind and friendly.

　　选择填空：

　　1. It was April 29,2011 　　　 Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony.

　　A. that　　　 B. when C. since D. before

　　2.)Gutter oil is illegally recycled cooking oil,　　　 contains chemicals that are harmful to the human body and can even cause cancer.

　　A. it B. which C. where D. that

　　3. Between the two parts of the concert is an interval,　　　 the audience can buy ice-cream.

　　A. when B. where C. that D. which

　　4. The old town has narrow streets and small houses 　　　 are built close to each other.

　　A. they B. where C. what D. that

　　5. Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator,　　　 it will keep for two or three weeks.

　　A. when B. which C. where D. while

　　6. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of 　　　 ------- uses it somewhat differently.

　　A. which B. what C. them D. those

　　7. A bank is the place 　　　 they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.

　　A. when B. that C. where D. there

　　8. She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students 　　　 ------ allows them to communicate freely with each other.

　　A. which B. where C. what D. who

　　9 Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt,　　　 ------ is a stupid thing to do in such weather.

　　A. this B. that C. what D. which

　　10. She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction ------　　　 had taken more than three years.

　　A. for which B. with which C. of which D. to which

　　11. The school shop,　　　 customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays.

　　A. which B. whose C. when D. where

　　12.He was so pleased with all 　　　 we had done for him 　　　 he wrote us a letter to praise for it.

　　A. what; what B. what; that C. that; what D. that; that

　　13.The moon travels round the earth once every month,　　　 is known to everybody.

　　A. it B. as C. that D. what

　　14.　　　 is often the case with elder people, my grandma, talked about my new hairstyle for at least 50 minutes nonstop.

　　A. That B. Which C. As D. It

　　15.After graduating from high school, you will reach a point in your life 　　　 ------- you need to decide what to do.

　　A. that B. what C. which D. where

　　16.The novel was completed in 1978,　　　 the economic system has seen great changes.

　　A. when B. during which C. since then D. since when

　　17.Books bring us into the presence of the greatest minds 　　　 have ever lived.

　　A. which B. who C.不填 D. that

　　18.The world 　　　 is made up of matter.

　　A. in that we live B. on which we live

　　C. where we live in D. we live in

　　19.David is such a good boy 　　　 all the teachers like.

　　A. that B. who C. as D. whom

　　20.Is this the reason 　　　 at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?

　　A. he explained B. what he explained

　　C. how he explained D. why he explained

　　21.He was very angry and I can still remember the way 　　　 he spoke to me.

　　A. how B. that C. what D. which

　　22.That’s the new machine 　　　 parts are too small to be seen.

　　A. that B. which C. whose D. what

　　23.I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school 　　　 ------- I met in the English speech contest last year.

　　A. who B. where C. when D. which

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